Apr 17, 2022 | Uncategorized

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, lombia Measures taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19 were especially strict on older people in Colombia. The government prohibited anyone over 70 years of age from leaving their house.[100] Amid public backlash, the restriction was taken to court and overturned. NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismUnited States Main article: Age discrimination in the United States In the United States, each state has its own laws regarding age discrimination, and there are also federal laws.[101] In California, the Fair Employment and Housing Act forbids unlawful discrimination against persons age 40 and older. The FEHA is the principal California statute prohibiting employment discrimination, covering employers, labor organizations, employment agencies, apprenticeship programs and/or any person or entity who aids, abets, incites, compels, or coerces the doing of a discriminatory act. In addition to age, it prohibits employment discrimination based on race or color; religion; national origin or ancestry, disability, mental type or medical condition; marital status; sex or sexual orientation; and pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.[102] Although there are many protections for age-based discrimination against older workers (as shown above) there are less protections for younger workers.[citation needed] ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion Ageism  The District of Columbia and twelve states (California, Florida, Iowa, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, and Vermont) define age as a specific motivation for hate crimes.[103][104] The federal government restricts age discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). That law provides certain employment protections to workers who are over the age of forty, who work for an employer who has twenty or more employees. For protected workers, the ADEA prohibits discrimination at all levels of employment, from recruitment and hiring, through the employment relationship, and through decisions for layoffs or termination of the employment relationship.[54] An age limit may only be legally specified for protected workers in the circumstance where age has been shown to be a “bona fide occupational qualification [BFOQ] reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business” (see 29 U.S.C. § 623(f)(1)). In practice, BFOQs for age are limited to the obvious (hiring a young actor to play a young character in a movie) or when public safety is at stake (for example, in the case of age limits for pilots and bus drivers). The ADEA does not stop an employer from favoring an older employee over a younger one, even when the younger one is over 40 years old.[55] President Jimmy Carter signing legislation against mandatory retirement in 1978 Mandatory retirement due to age is generally unlawful in the United States, except in certain industries and occupations that are regulated by law, and are often part of the government (such as military service and federal police agencies, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation). Minnesota has statutorily established mandatory retirement for all judges at age 70 (more precisely, at the end of the month a judge reaches that age). The Minnesota Legislature has had the constitutional right to set judicial retirement ages since 1956, but did not do so until 1973, setting the age at 70.[105] The Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, which became law in 1986, ended mandatory age-related retirement at age 70 for many jobs, not including the Minnesota judiciary;[105] another exception was all postsecondary institutions (colleges, etc.) This exception ended on December 31, 1993.[106][107] The Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act (Public Law 110-135) went into effect on December 13,2007, raising the mandatory retirement age for pilots to 65 from the previous 60.[108] In September 2016, California passed state bill AB-1687, an anti-ageism law taking effect on 1 January 2017, requiring “commercial online entertainment employment” services that allow paid subscribers to submit information and resumes (such as IMDB Pro), to honor requests to have their ages and birthdays removed. The bill was supported by SAG-AFTRA’s former and current presidents Ken Howard and Gabrielle Carteris, who felt that the law would help to reduce ageism in the entertainment industry.[109] On 23 February 2017, U.S. District Judge Vince Girdhari Chhabria issued a stay on the bill pending a further trial, claiming that it was “difficult to imagine how AB 1687 could not violate the First Amendment” because it inhibited the public consumption of factual information.[110] In February 2018, Girdhari ruled that the law was unconstitutional, arguing that the state of California “[had] not shown that partially eliminating one source of age-related information will appreciably diminish the amount of age discrimination occurring in the entertainment industry.” The ruling was criticized by SAG-AFTRA, alleging that the court “incorrectly concluded there were no material disputed factual issues, while precluding the parties from acquiring additional evidence or permitting the case to go to trial”. The ruling was eventually appealed, but the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld it in 2020.[111] NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismAsia and Oceania Australia In regards to employment, discrimination on the basis of age is illegal in each of the states and territories of Australia. At the national level, Australia is party to a number of international treaties and conventions that impose obligations to eliminate age discrimination.[112] The Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 established the Australian Human Rights Commission and bestows on this Commission functions in relation to a number of international treaties and conventions that cover age discrimination.[112][113] During 1998-1999, 15% of complaints received by the Commission under the Act were about discrimination on the basis of age.[112] Age discrimination laws at the national level were strengthened by the Age Discrimination Act 2004, which helps to ensure that people are not subjected to age discrimination in various areas of public life, including employment, the provision of goods and services, education, and the administration of Australian government laws and programs. The Act, however, does provide for exemptions in some areas, as well as providing for positive discrimination, that is, actions which assist people of a particular age who experience a disadvantage because of their age.[113] In 2011, the position of Age Discrimination Commissioner was created within the Australian Human Rights Commission. The Commissioner’s responsibilities include raising awareness among employers about the beneficial contributions that senior Australians as well as younger employees can make in the workforce.[114] Every state in Australia has a probationary plate system for drivers. This is allowed because the Age Discrimination Act says that, in some circumstances, treating someone differently because of their age won’t be against the law. This is known as an exemption and includes: things done in compliance with Commonwealth laws, including laws about taxation, social security and migration things done in compliance with state and territory laws certain health and employment programmes youth wages or direct compliance with industrial agreements and awards.[115] NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismPhilippines At least two bills have been filed before the 16th Congress of the Philippines seeking to address age discrimination in employment in the country. The Blas Ople Policy Center, a non-government organization, asserts that responsibilities of making a livelihood in a household has shifted to younger members of the family due to bias against hiring people older than 30 years of age. The organization also added that age discrimination contributes to the unemployment rate and acts as a hurdle to inclusive growth in the country. Overseas Filipino Workers returning from abroad seeking to find work in the country were tagged as vulnerable to age discrimination.[116][117] Europe European Union The European citizenship provides the right to protection from discrimination on the grounds of age. According to Article 21-1 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union s:Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union#CHAPTER III. EQUALITY, “any discrimination based on any ground such as … age, shall be prohibited”.[118] Additional protection against age discrimination comes from the Framework Directive 2000/78/EC. It prohibits discrimination on grounds of age in the field of employment.[119] Germany On 18 August 2006, the General Equal Treatment Act (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz, AGG) came into force. The aim of the AGG is to prevent and abolish discrimination on various grounds including age.[120] A recent[when?] study suggested that youths in Germany feel the brunt of age discrimination.[121] France In France, Articles 225-1 through 225-4 of the Penal Code detail the penalization of Ageism, when it comes to an age discrimination related to the consumption of a good or service, to the exercise of an economic activity, to the labor market or an internship, except in the cases foreseen in Article 225-3.[122][123][124] Belgium In Belgium, the Law of 25 February 2003 “tending to fight discrimination” punishes Ageism when “a difference of treatment that lacks objective and reasonable justification is directly based on … age”. Discrimination is forbidden when it refers to providing or offering a good or service, to conditions linked to work or employment, to the appointment or promotion of an employee, and yet to the access or participation in “an economic, social, cultural or political activity accessible to the public” (Article 2nd, § 4). Incitement to discrimination, to hatred or to violence against a person or a group on the grounds of … age (Article 6) is punished with imprisonment and/or a fine.[125][126] Nevertheless, employment opportunities are worsening for people in their middle years in many of these same countries, according to Martin Kohli et al. in Time for Retirement (1991). Sweden The Swedish Discrimination Act (2008:567) was enacted in 2008 and states that: “the purpose of the Act is to combat discrimination and in other ways promote equal rights and opportunities regardless of sex … or age.”[127] In Sweden, considering the increased proportion of older people, ageism is also discussed in the context of healthcare sector and health profession students such as nursing students.[128] United Kingdom NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismBarbara Robb, founder of the Aid for the Elderly in Government Institutions pressure group Barbara Robb, founder of the British pressure group, Aid for the Elderly in Government Institutions (AEGIS), compiled Sans Everything: A Case to Answer, a controversial book detailing the inadequacies of care provided for older people, which prompted a nationwide scandal in the UK in 1976. Although initially official inquiries into these allegations reported that they were “totally unfounded or grossly exaggerated”,[129] her campaigns led to revealing of other instances of ill treatment which were accepted and prompted the government to implement NHS policy changes.[130] As noted above, Councillor Richard Thomas brought up the issue of age discrimination at an early stage at a meeting of Bracknell Forest Council in March 1983. He pointed out it is a double side process, with discrimination working against both older and younger citizens. So, in the UK, laws against ageism are new. Age discrimination laws were only brought into force in October 2006,[131] and can now be found in the Equality Act 2010. This implements the Equal Treatment Framework Directive 2000/78/EC and protects employees against direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment and victimisation. Pursuant to the Equality Act 2010 it is generally unlawful to discriminate based upon age in the provision of goods and services.[132] Despite the relatively recent[when?] prohibition on age discrimination, there have already been many notable cases and official statistics show a 37% increase in claims in 2009/10[133] and a further 31% increase in 2010/11.[134] Examples include the case involving Rolls Royce,[135] the “Heyday” case brought by Age UK[136] and the recent[when?] Miriam O’Reilly case against the BBC.[137] Recent[when?] research suggested that the number of age discrimination claims annually could reach 15,000 by 2015.[138] The European Social Study survey in 2011 revealed that nearly two out of five people claim to have been shown a lack of respect because of their age. The survey suggested that the UK is riven by intergenerational splits, with half of the people admitting they do not have a single friend over 70; this compares with only a third of Portuguese, Swiss and Germans who say that they do not have a friend of that age or older.[139] A Demos study in 2012 showed that three-quarters of people in the UK believed there to be not enough opportunities for older and younger people to meet and work together.[140] The “Grey Pride” campaign has been advocating for a Minister for Older People and its campaign has had some success, with Labour Leader Ed Miliband appointing Liz Kendall as Shadow Minister for Older People.[141] The artist Michael Freedman, an outspoken advocate against age discrimination within the art world says that “mature students, like me, come to art late in life, so why are we penalised and demotivated? Whatever happened to lifelong learning and the notion of a flexible workforce?”[142] NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismAdvocacy against ageism A 14-year-old newsboy in New York City, 1910 The Newsboys Strike of 1899 fought ageist employment practices targeted against youth by large newspaper syndicates in the Northeast of America. The strikers demonstrated across the city for several days, effectively stopping circulation of the two papers, along with the news distribution for many New England cities. The strike lasted two weeks, causing Pulitzer’s New York World to decrease its circulation from 360,000 papers sold per day to 125,000.[143] Although the price of papers was not lowered, the strike was successful in forcing the World and Journal to offer full buybacks to their sellers, thus increasing the amount of money that newsies received for their work.[144] The American Youth Congress, or AYC, was formed in 1935 to advocate for youth rights in U.S. politics. It ended in 1940.[145] NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismAARP booth at Boston Pride Festival, 2017 AARP was founded in 1958 by Ethel Percy Andrus (a retired educator from California) and Leonard Davis (later the founder of the Colonial Penn Group of insurance companies).[146][147] Its stated mission is “to empower people to choose how they live as they age”.[148] It is an influential lobbying group in the United States focusing largely on issues affecting the elderly.[149][150] “Anti-Defamation League State Hate Crime Statutory Provisions (2005)” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2009. (23.8 KB) (See page 1, section “Other”, note 2) Retrieved on 21 May 2009 “Everyday Fears – A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2009. (1.96 MB) McClintock, Michael (See pages 84 and 122, Appendix 10, “Others”, note 2) Retrieved on 21 May 2009 Stassen-Berger, Rachel E. (7 July 2015). “Minnesota judges aren’t making a fuss about retirement rule”. Pioneer Press. St. Paul, MN. NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismRetrieved 28 December 2015. Weinberg, Sharon L.; Scott, Marc A. (2013). “The Impact of Uncapping of Mandatory Retirement on Postsecondary Institutions”. Educational Researcher. 42 (6): 338–348. doi:10.3102/0013189X13497993. S2CID 13265704. Sanjek, Roger (2009). Gray Panthers. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 185. “FAA Statement on Pilot Retirement Age” (Press release). 14 December 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2012. “California Enacts Law Requiring IMDb to Remove Actor Ages on Request”. The Hollywood Reporter. 24 September 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016. “Judge Pauses Enforcement of IMDb Age Censorship Law”. The Hollywood Reporter. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017. Pedersen, Erik (20 February 2018). “California’s IMDb Age Law Violates First Amendment, Federal Court Rules; SAG-AFTRA “Extremely Disappointed” – Update”. Deadline. Retrieved 21 February 2018. Bittman, Michael; Flick, Mardi; Rice, James (2001). The Recruitment of Older Australian Workers: A Survey of Employers in a High Growth Industry (PDF). Sydney, NSW: Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-7334-1908-9. “Legislation | Australian Human Rights Commission”. Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 27 April 2013. In Australia, new age discrimination laws have been passed by the Federal Parliament; a position of Age Discrimination Commissioner has been created in the Australian Human Rights Commission for the first time. Agediscrimination.info (26 May 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. When is age discrimination not against the law? humanrights.gov.au Retrieved 7 March 2017 Mateo, Janvic (11 June 2014). “Law vs age discrimination in employment sought”. The Philippine Star. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Lopez, Ron (8 May 2014). “End age discrimination, Congress urged”. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 15 April 2015. “Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (official text)” (PDF). (80.6 KB) EC Legislation. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012. Germany. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012. Young in Germany feel brunt of age discrimination. Agediscrimination.info (23 January 2012). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. French Penal Code (Legifrance) Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine “Section 1 : Des discriminations (Articles 225-1 à 225-4) – Légifrance”. www.legifrance.gouv.fr. France. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012. “Belgium Law of 25 Feb 2003 against discrimination” (PDF) (in French). (76.5 KB) Belgium. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012. “Official translation of the Swedish Discrimination Act” (PDF). Government Offices of Sweden. Retrieved 14 October 2020. Holmberg, Christopher; Wolf, Axel; Eide, Camilla; Großschädl, Franziska; Schüttengruber, Gerhilde; Patel, Harshida; Heckemann, Birgit (2020). “Classic Tool, New Opportunities: A Psychometric Analysis of a Swedish Online Version of the Aging Semantic Differential Scale”. Research on Aging. 43 (9–10): 378–387. doi:10.1177/0164027520963618. PMID 34524931. ‘Sans Everything (Reports of Inquiries)’ Hansard HC Deb 9 July 1968 vol 768 cc213–6, 214 Anon, ‘Disturbing report on a hospital: health authorities to be asked to review standards of care’ Times, 16 May 1974, 16 In the UK Archived 26 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Agediscrimination.info. Retrieved on 11 April 2012. “Age discrimination – when discrimination is allowed in the provision of goods or services”. Citizens Advice. Retrieved 27 April 2020. 37% rise in age discrimination claims. Agediscrimination.info (8 July 2010). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. Age discrimination claims increase by 79%, Tribunal Service statistics show. Agediscrimination.info (31 March 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. ItemPage Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Agediscrimination.info (14 May 2009). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. ItemPage Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Agediscrimination.info (25 September 2009). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. ItemPage Archived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Agediscrimination.info (10 January 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. Age discrimination claims will continue to rise and peak at nearly 15,000 a year by 2015. Agediscrimination.info (7 July 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismUK among Europe’s worst countries for Ageism and age discrimination. Agediscrimination.info (30 October 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. Older people in Britain are more concerned about age discrimination than their European neighbours. Agediscrimination.info (25 May 2012). Retrieved on 30 May 2012. Shadow minister for older people is a ‘thorn in the side’ of the coalition. Agediscrimination.info (25 October 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. Freedman, Michael (29 December 2011). “Ageism in the Art World”. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2019. Nasaw, David. (1999) “Ch. 3: Youse an’ yer noble scrap: On strike with the Newsboy Legion in 1899.” in Big Town, Big Time. New York: New York Daily News. p. 9. Mott, F.L. (2000) American Journalism. New York: Routledge. p. 598. Black, A., Hopkins, J. et al. (2003) “American Youth Congress,” Archived October 19,2007, at the Wayback Machine The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt. Hyde Park, New York: Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved 7/30/07. “Local: Obituary”. Los Angeles Times. 23 January 2001. “AARP Founder: Philanthropist Leonard Davis, 76”. USC News. “About AARP”. Retrieved 9 November 2018. “The 2015 Power & Influence Top 50” (PDF). The NonProfit Times. The NonProfit Times. 31 August 2015. Dickson, Rebecca (28 October 2015). “Top Lobbyists 2015: Grassroots”. Retrieved 26 September 2016. “AEGIS – AEGIS (Aid to the Elderly in Government Institutions)”. LSE Library Services. Retrieved 16 May 2016. Robinson, Anne (5 April 1970). “Whitewash in the old folks’ wards”. Sunday Times. “The patients’ campaigner”. Hampstead and Highgate Express. 25 June 1976. Kuhn, M., Long, C. and Quinn, L. (1991) No Stone Unturned: the Life and Times of Maggie Kuhn. Ballantine Books. Kiger, Patrick J. “Maggie Kuhn – Champions of Aging”. AARP. “About Us”. Gray Panthers Nyc. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2020. “Finding Aid for the Old Lesbians Organizing for Change records 1986-1992 LSC.2203”. oac.cdlib.org. “Old Lesbians Organizing for Change Records”. Retrieved 27 March 2015. “Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Articles of Incorporation”. ASFAR. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. “National Youth Rights Association Articles of Incorporation (Partial)” (PDF). National Youth Rights Association. 2001. Hellerman, A. (2005) Working Solo in Good Company[permanent dead link] Writers Guild of America, East website. (n.d.) Survey of North American Youth Rights Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Freechild Project website. “Envellir bé · Successful Ageing · Saber Envejecer website – Know-how” (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. NURS 3325 Module 1 Discussion AgeismRetrieved 13 May 2009. “Envellir bé : Successful Ageing · Saber envejecer website – Research” (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009. Abbady, Tal (26 November 2017). “Will a U.S. Adaptation Ruin Sebastian Lelio’s Gloria?”. The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Isopahkala-Bouret, Ulpukka (2017). “”It’s a great benefit to have gray hair!”: The intersection of gender, aging, and visibility in midlife professional women’s narratives”. Journal of Women & Aging. 29 (3): 267–277. doi:10.1080/08952841.2016.1142773. PMID 27629496. S2CID 33967941. Ford, Rebecca (12 May 2017). “Cannes: Julianne Moore to Star in Re-Imagining of Sebastian Lelio’s ‘Gloria’”. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 November 2017. Dargis, Manohla (7 March 2019). “‘Gloria Bell’ Review: Love Is in the Air for a Transcendent Julianne Moore”. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2019. Cox, John (5 November 2005). “Brosnan Bares All For Playboy”. CommanderBond.net. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2019. “Madonna not giving in to Ageism”. Care Fair. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2009. Kim Cattrall’s red carpet rant: “down with Ageism and age discrimination”. Agediscrimination.info (5 April 2011). Retrieved on 11 April 2012. Erin Trahan (15 August 2017). “Who Are You Calling Old? Brandeis Scholar Argues For An End To Ageism”. The ARTery.